Part of my job is to keep siloxanes out of a complex, multi-step, multi-sub-contracted manufacturing process. A supplier change that should have been a simple affair has cost us several kilobucks in analyses in the past months. I hate the stuff.
Indeed. "Grease peaks" we called them, they were always there in basically all NMR or MS spectra I took as an organic chemist. Like PFAS or microplastics, you just can't get rid of them.
You can see this grease by the effect it has on water contact angle. If you have a smooth glass/metal/ceramic surface, cleaned by a highly effective method (e.g. an ultrasonic cleaner), water poured on it will slide off easily without forming beads ("water-break test"). But if you leave it out in ordinary air for some time, the water will form beads again even if you never touch it. Exact time varies depending on air quality, but probably within a few hours.
I'm sceptical of the claim that they couldn't eliminate the majority of them from stuff that's shipped up to the ISS. Even if it meant making special space certified hair conditioner.
There's a nice paper on this, ICES-2018-123 "Dimethylsilanediol (DMSD) Source Assessment and Mitigation on ISS: Estimated Contributions from Personal Hygiene
Products Containing Volatile Methyl Siloxanes (VMS)". The upshot is more than half of the siloxane burden on ISS comes from God knows where (packaging, plastics, machinery, you name it).
> The main sources of VMS were determined to be antiperspirants ... skin lotions ... wipes ... and hair conditioner. Several siloxanes-free options are available for [these products]. These products are now being assessed for crew member use in future increments.
From the blog:
> At present the agency is testing a new filtration system to put in front of the heat exchangers, to try to protect them, and continuing to try to cut down on siloxanes at the source level. There are probably people at NASA now whose entire career has been built on siloxane control.
Why wasn't the result to simply ban siloxane-containing cosmetics and wipes? The cosmetics are up to the individual astronaut, which is a little crazy, but the wipes are provided by NASA, and they're still using siloxane-bearing wipes, which shortens the life of their water systems and costs crazy amounts of money.
> Why wasn't the result to simply ban siloxane-containing cosmetics and wipes?
I would assume there is an approval process in place and alternatives have to go through this process before they can be sent up. It might take months or years for approval.
Surely they can find simpler natural products which don't pose problems. It's crazy the premium placed on comfort. I'm sure astronauts would barely notice the absence of the chemical from the products.
There are so many useless chemicals in modern products... Like foamers in shampoos... You don't need that crap, it works fine without it... But us humans are so stupid that we think that if the shampoo ain't foaming, it ain't working. Same story with artificial colours. Human idiocy and suggestibility to marketing is infuriating. Bahhhh bahhhh. Mooo mooooo.
A two meter cubed volume would be sufficient to hold that much. I would guess that cruise ships store more urine than that, though presumably not separated from everything else humans dump into toilets.
With the qualification 'in orbit', I imagine it is.
I hope to see these seemingly mundane unknown unknowns raised in space travel centered hard science fiction. I think The Martian and Seveneves almost captured these but not quite.
An interesting substory that is simultaneously reminiscent of the Fogbank story and how Hayek's "curious task" is much more broadly applicable:
There is a good cautionary tale here from the Space Shuttle era. That vehicle
had heat resistant tiles that had to be attached to the aluminum belly of the
orbiter. A special cloth had been certified for wiping the aluminum clean
before applying the primer that securely bonded the tiles to the metal. After
years of uneventful use, tile engineers discovered that new replacement tiles
were no longer curing properly.
A careful investigation revealed that the supplier of that special cloth had
changed the lubricant used in the machine that sews its hem. Minute amounts
of the lubricant were being deposited on the stitching, and enough of that
residue was getting on the aluminum skin to prevent the tile adhesive from
curing properly.
In medical device manufacturing you have systems in place that your vendors have to disclose changes to their manufacturing process that hopefully can catch stuff like this before people die. I can see how minute stuff gets easily passed off as not an important change.
Especially if the real change is a couple levels separated from the problem. For instance, I can imagine a situation where the manufacturer of that "special cloth" didn't even change anything themselves, but their lubricant supplier silently changed the formula of their sewing machine oil. (Or maybe even that one of the suppliers to the lubricant company changed something - it's turtles all the way down.)
Part of my job is to keep siloxanes out of a complex, multi-step, multi-sub-contracted manufacturing process. A supplier change that should have been a simple affair has cost us several kilobucks in analyses in the past months. I hate the stuff.
This is the first time hearing the term "kilobucks". I love it (and am stealing it for future conversations).
Siloxanes contaminate everything. We routinely see them on various surfaces when doing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Indeed. "Grease peaks" we called them, they were always there in basically all NMR or MS spectra I took as an organic chemist. Like PFAS or microplastics, you just can't get rid of them.
You can see this grease by the effect it has on water contact angle. If you have a smooth glass/metal/ceramic surface, cleaned by a highly effective method (e.g. an ultrasonic cleaner), water poured on it will slide off easily without forming beads ("water-break test"). But if you leave it out in ordinary air for some time, the water will form beads again even if you never touch it. Exact time varies depending on air quality, but probably within a few hours.
I'm sceptical of the claim that they couldn't eliminate the majority of them from stuff that's shipped up to the ISS. Even if it meant making special space certified hair conditioner.
There's a nice paper on this, ICES-2018-123 "Dimethylsilanediol (DMSD) Source Assessment and Mitigation on ISS: Estimated Contributions from Personal Hygiene Products Containing Volatile Methyl Siloxanes (VMS)". The upshot is more than half of the siloxane burden on ISS comes from God knows where (packaging, plastics, machinery, you name it).
https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/items/ff1a240e-1fb1-4b04-acb2-42e9c45...
From the paper:
> The main sources of VMS were determined to be antiperspirants ... skin lotions ... wipes ... and hair conditioner. Several siloxanes-free options are available for [these products]. These products are now being assessed for crew member use in future increments.
From the blog:
> At present the agency is testing a new filtration system to put in front of the heat exchangers, to try to protect them, and continuing to try to cut down on siloxanes at the source level. There are probably people at NASA now whose entire career has been built on siloxane control.
Why wasn't the result to simply ban siloxane-containing cosmetics and wipes? The cosmetics are up to the individual astronaut, which is a little crazy, but the wipes are provided by NASA, and they're still using siloxane-bearing wipes, which shortens the life of their water systems and costs crazy amounts of money.
> Why wasn't the result to simply ban siloxane-containing cosmetics and wipes?
I would assume there is an approval process in place and alternatives have to go through this process before they can be sent up. It might take months or years for approval.
Surely they can find simpler natural products which don't pose problems. It's crazy the premium placed on comfort. I'm sure astronauts would barely notice the absence of the chemical from the products.
There are so many useless chemicals in modern products... Like foamers in shampoos... You don't need that crap, it works fine without it... But us humans are so stupid that we think that if the shampoo ain't foaming, it ain't working. Same story with artificial colours. Human idiocy and suggestibility to marketing is infuriating. Bahhhh bahhhh. Mooo mooooo.
I don't see why not either, just get "organic"/plant or mineral based cosmetics, deodorants and hair products.
> while a further 7,000 kilograms of treated urine were sitting in orbital storage tanks, waiting to be processed.
Is that a record for the biggest piss bottle ever made?
A two meter cubed volume would be sufficient to hold that much. I would guess that cruise ships store more urine than that, though presumably not separated from everything else humans dump into toilets.
With the qualification 'in orbit', I imagine it is.
I hope to see these seemingly mundane unknown unknowns raised in space travel centered hard science fiction. I think The Martian and Seveneves almost captured these but not quite.
Project Hail Mary has a devilish contamination subplot.
An interesting substory that is simultaneously reminiscent of the Fogbank story and how Hayek's "curious task" is much more broadly applicable:
In medical device manufacturing you have systems in place that your vendors have to disclose changes to their manufacturing process that hopefully can catch stuff like this before people die. I can see how minute stuff gets easily passed off as not an important change.
Especially if the real change is a couple levels separated from the problem. For instance, I can imagine a situation where the manufacturer of that "special cloth" didn't even change anything themselves, but their lubricant supplier silently changed the formula of their sewing machine oil. (Or maybe even that one of the suppliers to the lubricant company changed something - it's turtles all the way down.)